BurnMonitor: an Early Wildfire Detection IoT Solution

What do all fires have in common? They all start small.

For example, when a cigarette is thrown out of a car on the highway, it ignites the dry grass, forming a small fire that progresses relatively slowly. At that stage, it takes a single fire truck less than an hour to completely secure the area. If that little fire goes undetected for 90min or so, it reaches the treeline, and turns into a much larger wildfire.

Detecting a wildfire as early as possible is key to combating wildfires.

The BurnMonitor project

The BurnMonitor project brings together Inria, UC Berkeley, Analog Devices, Planet and Zonehaven to answer Moraga-Orinda Fire District (MOFD)'s  needs.

The MOFD needed a system that allows them to closely monitor highly sensitive areas, like a school located in a forested area for example, and get a warning as soon as a fire starts, as well as the necessary information for the fire department to best approach the fire and coordinate action.

Thanks to its partners, BurnMonitor became wildfire early detection IoT (Internet of Things) solution which combines sensors on the ground, data analysis tools and satellite imagery.

How does it work?

The fire department installs a fence of wireless sensors around the areas it wants to protect. Fire-proof plastic enclosures contain the necessary sensors to detect fire, as well as the electronics to wirelessly communicate. The sensors’ enclosures rated to withstand a temperature up to 125C so the sensors keep operating during the fire; they are not destroyed by it as the fire is mostly close to the ground.

Sensors are mounted on a 1m-high pole, and installed 50m apart to form a “virtual fence”. 50m is a spacing that no fire crosses the fence undetected.

The wireless sensors form a highly reliable low-power wireless mesh network around a gateway device. The network’s >99.999% reliability is crucial to avoid missing a fire alarm because of connectivity issues.

© Inria / Thomas Watteyne

As the front of the fire progresses, it crosses the virtual fence of sensors, which, one after another, detect the presence of the fire.

When a sensor detects a fire, it sends that information towards the gateway. Because the gateway can be out of wireless communication range of that sensor, that data may be relayed by other sensors. This causes the data “hop” from the sensor detecting the fire to the gateway. The gateway itself forwards the data to the BurnMonitor cloud using its 3G modem. 

The servers of the BurnMonitor cloud are located at Inria de Paris. On them, we are able to see the data in real-time, and run the algorithms which translate raw sensor measurements into fire detection events. The BurnMonitor Cloud also coordinates with the other partners:

• A fire detection event by the BurnMonitor cloud causes one of the satellites of the Planet constellation to take a picture of the area the sensor is located in. Having a near real-time satellite picture of a fire as it grows is important for the fire department as it allows them to understand how the fire progress, how many trucks should be dispatched, and from what side to best approach it.
• When the BurnMonitor Cloud detects a fire, ZoneHaven combines that information with weather data and information about the area (type of terrain, amount of vegetation) to build a prediction of how the fire will propagate in the next hours. This information serves as a decision support tool to coordinate action such as evacuation of the neighborhood most at risk.

© Inria / Thomas Watteyne

Six partners for a complete wildfire early detection IoT solution

The Moraga-Orinda Fire District fuels the consortium with requirements and coordinates the testing. Inria & especially the EVA project-team architects the solution and manages the BurnMonitor Cloud. The University of California, Berkeley tests the equipment and the system and coordinates with the MOFD during live fires. Analog Devices provides components of the sensors and builds them. Planet makes their satellite constellation available to the consortium. Zonehaven builds the fire propagation model, turning the sensor data into recommendations to evacuate. 

It takes each one of these partners to build a complete solution, which doesn’t only detect wildfires as they start, but also provides the fire department with actionable data. Thanks to the installation of a virtual fence of sensors around areas to protect, the MOFD receives an alarm as soon as a wildfire crosses that fence, as well as the necessary information for the fire department to best approach the fire and coordinate action.

A series of successive tests

In May 2020, the MOFD started conducting full proof-of-concept live fires to test the capability of the system to accurately detect a fire and generate meaningful data. In a test, the first step is to start a controlled fire in a representative area.

Fire departments in California regularly conduct test fires in the spring to ensure their readiness for the “fire season” which starts around June.

BurnMonitor in video